one of the 11 tractates of Zera'im

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• TRANSLATION AND TRANSLATORS — The earliest Jewish translations, apart from possible examples in the Bible, are the Greek version of the Pentateuch and, later, other books of the Bible, which were made to fill a need in the Greek speaking Jewish community of Alexandria and… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• MISHNAH — (Heb. מִשְׁנָה). The term mishnah is used in a number of different ways (see below), but when used as a proper noun ( the Mishnah ) it designates the collection of rabbinic traditions redacted by Rabbi judah ha nasi (usually called simply Rabbi ) …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• LITERATURE, JEWISH — Literature on Jewish themes and in languages regarded as Jewish has been written continuously for the past 3,000 years. What the term Jewish literature encompasses, however, demands definition, since Jews have lived in so many countries and have… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• Talmud and Midrash — ▪ Judaism Introduction       commentative and interpretative writings that hold a place in the Jewish religious tradition second only to the Bible (Old Testament). Definition of terms       The Hebrew term Talmud (“study” or “learning”) commonly… …   Universalium

• TALMUD, JERUSALEM — (תַּלְמוּד יְרוּשַׁלְמִי), also called the Palestinian Talmud, Talmud di Venei Ma arava (The Talmud of the West), or Talmud de Ereẓ Yisrael. Like its better known eastern counterpart – the Babylonian Talmud (Bavli) – the Yerushalmi is an… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• AḤARONIM — (Heb. אַחֲרוֹנִים; lit. the later (authorities), a term used to designate the later rabbinic authorities, in contrast to the rishonim , the earlier authorities. Although scholars differ as to the exact chronological dividing line between the two …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• MISHPAT IVRI — This article is arranged according to the following outline: definition and terminology RELIGIOUS HALAKHAH AND LEGAL HALAKHAH common features law and morals de oraita and de rabbanan distinguishing between the two categories legal consequences of …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• TALMUD, BABYLONIAN — (Heb. תַּלְמוּד בַּבְלִי), a literary work of monumental proportions (5,894 folio pages in the standard printed editions), which draws upon the totality of the spiritual, intellectual, ethical, historical, and legal traditions produced in… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• Mishna — or Mishnah [mish′nä] n. pl. Mishnayot [mish΄nä yōt′] 〚Heb mishna, lit., (oral) instruction < root šnh, to repeat, (later) learn, teach〛 1. the first part of the Talmud, containing traditional oral interpretations of scriptural ordin …   Universalium

• GENIZAH, CAIRO — Introduction The term genizah is a word shortened from the rabbinical Hebrew phrase bet genizah (see also genizah ). Its counterpart in late biblical Hebrew is genez (pl. genazim, ginzei) which in Esther evidently means a treasury, as well as the …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

• RISHONIM — (Heb. רִאשׁוֹנִים; lit. the early authorities ), a term with many connotations–chronological, literary, ethical, and halakhic–serving to indicate the standing and authority of preceding scholars in relation to the scholars of the time in the… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism